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Fusions – casual Japanese

Meaning, explanation and example sentences with translations.

〜では · では → じゃ

the topic-marked では, in speech

では runs together into じゃ. Two syllables become one.

This single fusion explains a whole family: じゃない, じゃありません, じゃなかった, じゃあ.

Casual and relaxed polite alike. Formal writing keeps では.

Not every じゃ comes from では. The じゃ in 飲んじゃう comes from でしまう.

Examples

〜ではない · ではない → じゃない

negating a noun or a na-adjective

The same では fusion, in front of ない.

This is the everyday negative of だ. You will hear it far more often than ではない.

Casual. Polite is じゃありません or, more formally, ではありません.

With a rising tone じゃない? means “isn't it?” — the opposite of a plain denial.

Examples

〜ではありません · ではありません → じゃありません

a polite denial, said without stiffness

The same では fusion inside the polite negative.

Shortened and still polite — the same two axes as 〜てます. Written documents keep ではありません.

Relaxed polite: shops, colleagues, everyday work talk.

This is not casual. Between friends it would be plain じゃない.

Examples

〜ではなかった · ではなかった → じゃなかった

a past denial of a noun or na-adjective

The same では fusion, this time in the past.

じゃない and じゃなかった differ by one syllable and by the whole tense. Worth hearing apart.

Casual. Politely it is じゃありませんでした.

Do not read じゃなかった as a softened present. It is past.

Examples

〜という · という → って

naming something, or introducing what was said

という shortens to って. It can also shorten only halfway, to っていう.

Half-shortened っていう keeps the verb visible and is easier to attach a noun to: 田中っていう人.

Casual and relaxed polite. A work email keeps という.

って has more than one job. Here it names something; at the end of a sentence it reports what someone said.

Examples

〜と · と(quoting)→ って

marking what someone said or thought

The quoting と becomes って in speech.

Only the quoting と changes. The と that means “and” or “if” stays as it is.

Casual. In writing and in polite speech と stays.

「パンと牛乳」 does not become 「パンって牛乳」. That と joins two nouns and never shortens.

Examples

〜のです · のです → んです

giving background, said politely

The same の becomes ん in front of です.

〜んです is what people actually say; the full 〜のです stays in writing and announcements.

Polite and completely ordinary — this is the default in a shop or an office.

〜んです is not more formal than 〜のです. It is the same politeness, spoken instead of written.

Examples

〜ので · ので → んで

giving a reason

The same の becomes ん, this time in front of で.

〜んで is relaxed. It is fine among colleagues and a little too loose for a customer.

Casual to relaxed polite. A written apology keeps ので.

Do not confuse this 〜んで with the 〜んで of 読んで. One is a reason, the other is a te-form.

Examples

〜ではなくて · ではなくて → じゃなくて

correcting one thing into another

The same では fusion, this time in front of なくて.

This is the everyday way to correct someone: 明日じゃなくて明後日.

Casual to relaxed polite. Written notices keep ではなく.

じゃなくて joins two halves. じゃない ends the sentence. The て is doing real work.

Examples

Where this comes from

Everything above comes from the free part of the Kuzushi app and has passed its content review.

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