
Japanese Verb Conjugation Chart: Masu, Te, Ta & Nai Forms
Conjugation chart for 書く, 食べる, する and 来る, the godan and ichidan rules, every form with an example, and practice with answers.
Japanese verbs change their endings to show politeness, tense and negation. Almost every verb belongs to one of two regular groups, godan and ichidan, and only する and 来る are truly irregular. Once you know which group a verb is in, a handful of rules gives you every form on this page.
The chart below shows the five forms you meet first: the dictionary form, polite ます, the te-form, the plain past た and the plain negative ない.
Japanese verb conjugation chart
| group | dictionary | masu | te | ta | nai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| godan (group 1) | 書く | 書きます | 書いて | 書いた | 書かない |
| godan (group 1) | 待つ | 待ちます | 待って | 待った | 待たない |
| godan (group 1) | 読む | 読みます | 読んで | 読んだ | 読まない |
| godan (group 1) | 話す | 話します | 話して | 話した | 話さない |
| godan (group 1) | 行く | 行きます | 行って | 行った | 行かない |
| ichidan (group 2) | 食べる | 食べます | 食べて | 食べた | 食べない |
| ichidan (group 2) | 見る | 見ます | 見て | 見た | 見ない |
| irregular | する | します | して | した | しない |
| irregular | 来る | 来ます | 来て | 来た | 来ない |
Godan verbs (group 1)
A godan verb changes its last kana by moving it to another row of the kana chart. For ます the last sound moves to the い-row: 書く → 書きます, 読む → 読みます, 話す → 話します. For ない it moves to the あ-row: 書く → 書かない, 待つ → 待たない. Verbs ending in う take わ, not あ: 買う → 買わない. One verb breaks the pattern: ある → ない, never あらない.
A verb that does not end in る is always godan. Verbs ending in -iru or -eru are usually ichidan, but some only look like it: 帰る and 入る are godan, so their te-forms are 帰って and 入って. Verbs ending in -aru, -uru or -oru, such as 取る, are godan too, apart from the irregular する and 来る.
Te- and ta-form endings of godan verbs
| ending | te | ta | examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| う・つ・る | って | った | 買う → 買って, 待つ → 待った |
| む・ぶ・ぬ | んで | んだ | 読む → 読んで, 遊ぶ → 遊んだ |
| く | いて | いた | 書く → 書いて |
| ぐ | いで | いだ | 泳ぐ → 泳いだ |
| す | して | した | 話す → 話して |
| 行く (the one exception) | って | った | 行く → 行って, 行く → 行った |
The plain past た always follows the te-form: swap て for た and で for だ. If you know a verb's te-form, you know its past.
Ichidan verbs (group 2)
An ichidan verb drops る and adds the ending, with no sound changes at all: 食べる → 食べます, 食べて, 食べた, 食べない; 見る → 見ます, 見て, 見た, 見ない. This is exactly where it parts company with a godan verb ending in る, which doubles the next sound instead: 帰る → 帰って.
Irregular verbs: する and 来る
する becomes し before most endings: する → します, して, した, しない. Verbs built on する, such as 勉強する (to study), follow it exactly: 勉強する → 勉強して.
来る keeps its kanji but changes its vowel, so watch the reading: 来る → 来ます, 来て, 来た, 来ない. Its ば-form is 来れば.
The polite set: ます, ません, ました, ませんでした
ます has its own small set of endings, and they are the same for every verb: 書きます (I write), 書きません (I don't write), 書きました (I wrote), 書きませんでした (I didn't write). Build the ます-form once and the other three follow.
Negative forms: ない, なかった, なくて
Once you have the ない-form, it behaves like an い-adjective: drop い and add かった for the past or くて for the te-form. 書かない gives 書かなかった and 書かなくて; 食べない gives 食べなかった and 食べなくて.
Conditionals: ば and たら
For ば, a godan verb moves its last kana to the え-row and adds ば: 書く → 書けば, 話す → 話せば. An ichidan verb drops る and adds れば: 食べる → 食べれば. する gives すれば and 来る gives 来れば.
たら is simpler still: take the plain past and add ら. 書いた gives 書いたら, 食べた gives 食べたら and した gives したら.
Every verb form, one by one
dictionary form
the base shape every other form is built from
書く → 書く · 食べる → 食べる · する → する · 来る → 来る
The plain form you find in a dictionary. Every other form is built from it.
the bare verb: write
How it is formed
- every class alikeThis is the dictionary form itself — the shape every other form is built from.
Examples
- 毎日、日記を書く。I write in my diary every day.
masu-stem
what is left of the polite form once its ending comes off
書く → 書き · 食べる → 食べ · する → し · 来る → 来
What is left when ます comes off. A great deal of grammar attaches right here.
where the rest attaches
How it is formed
- godan verbIn a godan verb the final kana moves to the い row: く→き, む→み, る→り.
Examples
- 手紙を書きながら、音楽を聞きます。I listen to music while I write a letter.
polite affirmative non-past form
a polite positive statement about a state or action, now or later
書く → 書きます · 食べる → 食べます · する → します · 来る → 来ます
Add ます to the masu-stem of a verb. For an i-adjective or na-adjective, add です to the dictionary entry, without adding な.
I write (polite)
How it is formed
- godan verbIn a godan verb the final kana moves to the い row, then the polite ending follows.
- ichidan verbDrop る and add the polite ending.
- する compound verbする becomes し, then the polite ending follows.
Examples
- 毎朝、新聞を読みます。I read the newspaper every morning.
polite negative ません
a polite negative statement about a state or action, now or later
書く → 書きません · 食べる → 食べません · する → しません · 来る → 来ません
Add ません to the masu-stem of a verb. For an adjective, use the plain negative followed by です: 高くないです, 静かじゃないです.
I don't write (polite)
Examples
- 肉は食べません。I don't eat meat.
polite past ました
a polite affirmative statement about a past state, quality or event
書く → 書きました · 食べる → 食べました · する → しました · 来る → 来ました
Add ました to the masu-stem of a verb. An i-adjective takes its plain past followed by です: 高かったです, よかったです. Add でした to a na-adjective: 静かでした.
I wrote (polite)
Examples
- 昨日、友達が来ました。A friend came over yesterday.
polite past negative ませんでした
a polite negative about a past state, quality or event
書く → 書きませんでした · 食べる → 食べませんでした · する → しませんでした · 来る → 来ませんでした
Add ませんでした to the masu-stem of a verb. For an adjective, use the plain past negative followed by です: 高くなかったです, 静かじゃなかったです.
I didn't write (polite)
Examples
- 兄は週末、何もしませんでした。My older brother didn't do anything at the weekend.
plain negative (nai-form)
a plain negative statement about a state or action, now or later
書く → 書かない · 食べる → 食べない · する → しない · 来る → 来ない
First check the word class. In the derivation, compare the stem with the dictionary entry: what changed, and what remains before the ending? The exception ある gives ない.
I don't write
How it is formed
- godan verbIn a godan verb the final kana moves to the あ row, then ない follows. Verbs ending in う take わ, not あ.
- godan verbIn a godan verb, the final kana moves to the あ row, followed by なかった: 書く → 書かなかった. Final う becomes わ: 買う → 買わなかった.
- godan verbIn a godan verb, the final kana moves to the あ row, followed by なくて: 書く → 書かなくて. Final う becomes わ: 買う → 買わなくて.
- ichidan verbAn ichidan verb drops る and adds ない — not らない, which is what a godan verb ending in る would take.
- ichidan verbAn ichidan verb drops る and adds なかった: 食べる → 食べなかった. This is the plain negative past.
- ichidan verbAn ichidan verb drops る and adds なくて: 食べる → 食べなくて. The negative ない becomes なくて.
- する compound verbする becomes し, then ない follows.
- する compound verbする becomes し, followed by なかった: する → しなかった. Anything before する stays unchanged.
- する compound verbする becomes し, followed by なくて: する → しなくて. Anything before する stays unchanged.
Examples
- 今日はバスを待たない。歩いて行く。I'm not waiting for the bus today. I'll walk.
plain past (ta-form)
a plain affirmative statement about a past state, quality or event
書く → 書いた · 食べる → 食べた · する → した · 来る → 来た
For verbs, replace て with た and で with だ in the te-form. An i-adjective drops い and adds かった; a na-adjective takes だった. The exception いい starts from よ-: よかった.
I wrote
Examples
- 妹は昨日、この本を読んだ。My younger sister read this book yesterday.
plain past negative
a plain negative about a past state, quality or event
書く → 書かなかった · 食べる → 食べなかった · する → しなかった · 来る → 来なかった
Start with the plain negative and replace its final ない with なかった. This also applies to adjectives: 高くない → 高くなかった, 静かじゃない → 静かじゃなかった.
I didn't write
Examples
- 弟は子どものころ、野菜を食べなかった。As a child, my younger brother didn't eat vegetables.
te-form
connects a description of a state, quality or action to what follows
書く → 書いて · 食べる → 食べて · する → して · 来る → 来て
The connecting form for states, qualities and actions. The te-form of a verb also appears in request constructions.
…and then…
How it is formed
- godan verbA godan verb ending in ぐ takes いで — the same change as く, but the voicing carries over into で.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in ぐ takes いだ: 泳ぐ → 泳いだ. The consonant drops out, leaving い, and the ending stays voiced: だ.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in ぐ takes いだら: 泳ぐ → 泳いだら. This is the past form 泳いだ followed by ら.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in く takes いて. The consonant drops out and leaves い behind.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in く takes いた: 書く → 書いた. The consonant drops out, leaving い. The exception is 行く → 行った.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in く takes いたら: 書く → 書いたら. This is the past form 書いた followed by ら. The exception is 行く → 行ったら.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in む, ぶ or ぬ takes んで. The ending voices as well: て becomes で.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in む, ぶ or ぬ takes んだ: 読む → 読んだ. The final kana becomes ん and the ending is voiced: だ.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in む, ぶ or ぬ takes んだら: 読む → 読んだら. This is the past form 読んだ followed by ら.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in す takes して. This is the one ending where nothing contracts.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in す takes した: 話す → 話した. The final す becomes し, followed by た.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in す takes したら: 話す → 話したら. This is the past form 話した followed by ら.
- godan verbA GODAN verb ending in う, つ or る takes って — a small tsu doubling the next sound. An ichidan verb ending in る does something else entirely: 食べる gives 食べて.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in う, つ or る takes った: 買う → 買った. Small っ doubles the next sound. An ichidan verb ending in る takes just た: 食べる → 食べた.
- godan verbA godan verb ending in う, つ or る takes ったら: 買う → 買ったら. This is the past form 買った followed by ら. An ichidan verb ending in る takes たら: 食べる → 食べたら.
- い-adjectiveDrop い and add くて.
- ichidan verbAn ICHIDAN verb drops る and adds て. No sound changes at all — and this is exactly where it parts company with a godan verb ending in る, which would give って.
- ichidan verbAn ichidan verb drops る and adds た, without a sound change: 食べる → 食べた. A godan verb ending in る uses った for this form.
- ichidan verbAn ichidan verb drops る and adds たら: 食べる → 食べたら. This is the past form 食べた followed by ら; a godan verb ending in る takes ったら.
- な-adjectiveAdd で. Not くて — that belongs to い-adjectives.
- する compound verbする becomes し, then て or た follows.
- する compound verbする becomes し, followed by た: する → した. Anything before する stays unchanged.
- する compound verbする becomes し, followed by たら: する → したら. This is the past form した followed by ら; anything before する stays unchanged.
Examples
- ここに名前を書いてください。Please write your name here.
negative te-form
links clauses when the first half is a negative
書く → 書かなくて · 食べる → 食べなくて · する → しなくて · 来る → 来なくて
The connecting form when the first half is a negative.
I don't write, and…
Examples
- 誰も来なくて、寂しかった。Nobody came, and I felt lonely.
conditional ba / nara form
a condition: if this happens, something follows
書く → 書けば · 食べる → 食べれば · する → すれば · 来る → 来れば
For a verb, change the final kana from the う row to its counterpart in the え row and add ば: 書く → 書けば, 食べる → 食べれば. For an i-adjective, replace い with ければ; the exception いい gives よければ. Add なら to a na-adjective.
if I write…
How it is formed
- godan verbIn a godan verb the final kana moves to the え row, then ば follows.
- い-adjectiveDrop い and add ければ.
- ichidan verbDrop る and add れば.
- な-adjectiveAdd なら. The ば ending is optional and slightly formal.
- する compound verbする becomes すれ, then ば follows.
Examples
- ゆっくり話せば、わかります。If you speak slowly, I'll understand.
conditional tara-form
a condition once met: when this has happened, something follows
書く → 書いたら · 食べる → 食べたら · する → したら · 来る → 来たら
Once this has happened, then something follows.
once I've written…
Examples
- 家に帰ったら、電話します。I'll call you when I get home.
Adjective forms
These two forms belong to adjectives, not verbs. An い-adjective swaps い for く to say how something is done: 高い → 高く. The one exception is いい, which works from its older form よい: いい → よく. A な-adjective adds に instead (静か → 静かに) and puts な directly before a noun: 静かな部屋, a quiet room. Adjectives also have te- and ば-forms; their rules are listed with those forms above.
adverbial form
says how something is done
高い → 高く · 静か → 静かに
Turns an adjective into a description of how something is done.
quickly, quietly
How it is formed
- い-adjectiveDrop い and add く.
- な-adjectiveAdd に. Not く — that belongs to い-adjectives.
Examples
- 図書館では静かに話してください。Please speak quietly in the library.
attributive な form
describes the noun that comes right after it
静か → 静かな
The shape a na-adjective takes directly in front of a noun.
a quiet street
How it is formed
- な-adjectiveAdd な. This is the ending the whole class is named after.
Examples
- 静かな部屋で勉強したい。I want to study in a quiet room.
Practice: try it yourself
Say the form out loud, then open the answer.
読む → te-form
読んで
買う → plain negative (nai-form)
買わない
行く → te-form
行って
来る → plain negative (nai-form)
来ない
帰る → te-form
帰って
泳ぐ → plain past (ta-form)
泳いだ
食べる → conditional ba / nara form
食べれば
する → polite past ました
しました
Where this comes from
The entries on this page come from the free part of the Katsuyokei app, the Japanese forms in the charts and answers are computed by its engine, and the explanations and sentences passed the same content review as the app.
App Store →Free: levels 1 and 2 in full, up to the te-form. Later levels with one purchase.
KatsuyokeiVerbs, adjectives and drills
See also
- Verb forms – Japanese N5 grammar – verb forms as a point of the N5 course
Learning Japanese
- Japanese particles: は, が, を, に, で, へ – The particles that carry an ordinary Japanese sentence, and the roles they stand in – with examples and translations.
- Confusing pairs in Japanese: は or が, もう or まだ – Pairs that look interchangeable and are not – each sentence comes with the situation and the reason the other form fails.
- Japanese Counters: 1–10 Charts, Readings and Examples – How to read 3本, 4人 or 8匹: 1–10 charts for つ, 人, 本, 枚, 匹 and 冊, the sound-change patterns, 22 counters with sentences and practice.
- Casual Japanese – the contractions in anime and conversation – The contractions you hear every day, each next to the full form it came from.
- Keigo – Japanese politeness in practice – Honorific and humble forms and the frames you lay over most words – what to say and why that one.
- Japanese mimetics – the sounds in manga and anime – Words that imitate sound and state – what they mean and what 濁点 does to them.
- Japanese N5 grammar – every point on the level – Seven groups of N5 grammar, from the sentence skeleton to tone – each point with its meaning, formation and examples.